Portable ultrafine particle sizer (PUPS) apparatus

ABSTRACT

The Portable Ultrafine Particle Sizer (PUPS) invention is provided. The PUPS is an instrument which can measure particle number concentration for particle sizes under 200 nanometers in-situ. The PUPS is a compact design for quick mounting on vehicles. Size discrimination is accomplished using a compact reverse Differential Mobility Analyzer (rDMA). Particle charging is accomplished using corona ionization. Concentration measurements are completed using a unique flexible printed circuit board electrode which can be removed for cleaning, disposal or chemical analysis of collected particles at the end of its in situ measurement life.

REFERENCE TO U.S. GOVERNMENT INTEREST

“The U.S. Government has a paid-up license in this invention and theright in limited circumstances to require the patent owner to licenseothers on reasonable terms as provided for by the terms of GrantDTRT06-G-0018 awarded by U.S. Department of Transportation.”

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is related to, claims the earliest availableeffective filing date(s) from (e.g., claims earliest available prioritydates for other than provisional patent applications; claims benefitsunder 35 USC §119(e) for provisional patent applications), andincorporates by reference in its entirety all subject matter of thefollowing listed application(s) (the “Related Applications”) to theextent such subject matter is not inconsistent herewith; the presentapplication also claims the earliest available effective filing date(s)from, and also incorporates by reference in its entirety all subjectmatter of any and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc.applications of the Related. Application(s) to the extent such subjectmatter is not inconsistent herewith.

U.S. provisional patent application 61/279,460, entitled “PortableUltrafine Particle Sizer”, naming Andrew Vize, Matthew Casari, BrittHolmen, and Jeff Frolik, as inventors, filed 21 Oct. 2009.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of Use

This application relates to the measurement of air pollution and inparticular to the rapid measurement of the quantity and sizedistribution of aerosol particles. As vehicle engines become morecomplex and varied, it becomes necessary to have better systems todetermine our motor vehicle emissions inventories. To develop accurateultrafine particle models, the common practice of using enginedynamometers and in-lab testing will need to be replaced with in-situmonitoring of vehicles on the road. However, measurement of engineexhaust particle size is currently done using instruments that are toobulky, expensive, and power inefficient to easily adapt to on-board,in-situ particle measurement.

2. Description of Prior Art (Background)

There are several limitations with current systems for measuring engineexhaust particles, in particular ultrafine particles, or particlediameters less than 100 nanometers. Measuring ultrafine particulate istypically done in a laboratory setting. Particulate monitoringinstruments are bulky and not designed for in-situ (i.e., on board andreal-time) particulate monitoring. Those particulate sizing instrumentsare generally connected to engine dynamometers which are operated atloads to roughly simulate on-road conditions and are not suitable forin-situ fleet-wide monitoring of engine exhaust particles.

In one optical system, light is directed through aerosol particle-ladensmoke and the attenuation of the light is measured on a detector toindicate total particle concentration. This method does not measureparticle size distribution, however. Another optical method uses lightscattering to measure particle size by causing the particles to pass oneat a time through a chamber so that scattered light amplitude depends onthe particle size. The amplitude is measured by a photomultiplier whichproduces an electrical signal dependent upon particle size. To isolatesingle particles for detection, gas sampling must be done at lowvelocity, and the system is usually provided with very narrow pipeswhich are subject to contamination, require frequent cleaning, and tendto collect the larger particles before their entry into the sensingchamber. Further, such method of measuring the size of a single particleis quite slow, requiring perhaps as much as an hour for a typicalmeasurement.

Electrical methods have the advantage that they can be operated nearlycontinuously with the results available to the operator after a veryshort interval of time. In one electrical Method described in U.S. Pat.No. 3,114,877 to Dunham, a charging device operates to charge separategroups of aerosol particles passing the device. The particles then flowin a random manner through a field-free region, pass an ion trap andflow to a detector. At the detector, the particles lose their charge andproduce a current. Although the detector current in the Dunham apparatusis said to be an index of the number of particles, it is clear that theamplitude of the current is a function of the total charge on all of theparticles sensed by the detector at a given moment. Thus, the amplitudeof the current is a function of the total surface area of the particles.Because the particles flow in a random, manner to the detector,particles having different surface areas (and thus different sizes) losetheir charge at the same moment of time to produce the current.Therefore, the output current in the Dunham apparatus is not indicativeof the number of particles except when they are of uniform size.

Another method which indicates aerosol particle size distribution isbased on the mobility of charged particles in an electric fieldextending radially across a tube in which the particles flow. Mobilityis a measure of the velocity of a charged particle in an electric field,and generally speaking, the higher the charge on the particle the higherthe mobility. For a given method of charging a particle, the amount ofcharge on the particle is a function of the size of the particle.Therefore, mobility is a function of particle size and methods based onparticle mobility utilize the difference in mobility to measure particlesize distribution. In one such device described in U.S. Pat. No.3,413,545 to Whitby, clean air is caused to move downwardly in anannular flow path surrounding an elongated electrode extending axiallyin a cylindrical housing. Charged aerosol particles are introducedaround the outer periphery of the flow path of clean air and an electricpotential is applied across the elongated electrode and the cylindricalhousing. For any given potential, particles having mobility below acertain value will not move far enough radially to contact and losetheir charge to the elongated electrode before passing its downstreamend. An electrometer detects these charged particles which generate acurrent, the amplitude of which is a function of the total charge on thedetected particles. By varying the potential applied to the elongatedelectrode, more or fewer charged particles will reach the detector andinduce the current. By relating the current produced when variouspotentials are applied to the elongated electrode, a measure of particlesize distribution can be obtained. However, a number of factors limitthe usefulness of this device for monitoring effluents in stacks ofindustrial installations, for example. Due to the method of charging,known as diffusion charging, only particles less than about 2 micronsdiameter can be measured whereas in a typical stack, particles up to 100microns or more will be present. Further, the diffusion charging methodis also inconvenient because it requires a source of compressed air andvarious thin pipes which are subject to clogging.

Accordingly, there is a need for a method and apparatus for a compact,low-cost, low power system capable of discriminating and measuringin-situ particle size distribution based on particle mobility in anelectric field utilizing a small volume differential mobility analyzerand disposable electrodes.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The foregoing and other problems are overcome, and other advantages arerealized, in accordance with the presently preferred embodiments ofthese teachings.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention an apparatusfor measuring aerosol particle concentration and particle sizedistribution is provided. The apparatus includes a corona ionizerutilizing a high voltage tungsten needle and a concentric ground ringfor applying a negative high voltage potential to the aerosol particles.Also included is a reverse differential mobility analyzer (rDMA) forseparating charged particles based on electrical mobility, wherein therDMA includes a charged central repulsion electrode for driving thecharged particles towards flexible printed circuit board detectors sizedaccording to predetermined dimensions corresponding with particle sizesof interest.

In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention aportable ultrafine particle measuring apparatus for measuring aerosolparticle concentration and particle size distribution is provided. Theapparatus includes a corona ionizer for applying a negative charge via anegative high voltage potential to the aerosol particles. Also includedis at least one conductive needle support having precision-machined flowpathways for the aerosol gas sample. The apparatus also includes anon-conductive needle support for supporting the tungsten needle andelectrically insulating the conductive needle support from the groundring electrode. The apparatus further includes a reverse differentialmobility analyzer (rDMA) for separating charged particles based onelectrical mobility. The rDMA contains a central repulsion electrode andflexible printed circuit boards (PCB) for detecting charged particles.Included in the apparatus is a converter for converting the detectedcurrent induced by charged particles to a digital signal.

The invention is also directed towards a portable ultrafine particlesizer system for measuring sizes of particles in an aerosol gas sample.The system includes a pump and a proportional valve for pumping aerosolgas samples through the system. A flow meter connectable to at least onepump measures aerosol gas flow through rates set by the pump and theproportional valve. A positive or negative corona ionizer with atungsten needle ionizes particles within the aerosol gas sample and thereverse differential mobility analyzer (rDMA) determines particle sizedistribution based upon the ionized particles and separates theparticles based upon different electrical mobility.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The subject matter which is regarded as the invention is particularlypointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion ofthe specification. The foregoing and other objects, features, andadvantages of the invention are apparent from the following detaileddescription taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings inwhich:

FIG. 1 is a pictorial illustration of one embodiment of the PortableUltrafine Particle Sizer (PUPS) apparatus in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIG. 2 is a transparent illustration of the PUPS invention shown in FIG.1;

FIG. 3 is a transparent cross sectional illustration of the inventionshown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is an enlarged transparent cross sectional illustration of theinput port end of the invention shown in FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a cross sectional illustration of the Corona Ionizer & SheathAir Injection Module in accordance with the invention shown in FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a rotated illustration of the Corona ionizer & Sheath AirInjection Module shown in FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is a pictorial illustration of the Corona Ionizer module inaccordance with the invention shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 8 is a cross sectional pictorial illustration of the Corona Ionizermodule in accordance with the invention shown in FIG. 7;

FIG. 9 is a pictorial illustration of the Corona needle support inaccordance with the invention shown in FIG. 6;

FIG. 10 is a pictorial illustration of the Corona Ionizer InternalAssembly in accordance with the invention shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 11 is a pictorial illustration of a cross section of the CoronaIonizer Internal Assembly in accordance with the invention shown in FIG.10;

FIG. 12 is a rotated illustrated view of the Corona Ionizer shown inFIG. 7;

FIG. 13 is a cross sectional illustration of the flex-PCB inside therDMA housing in accordance with the invention shown in FIG. 3;

FIG. 14 is an illustrated layout of the flexible Printed Circuit Board(flex-PCB) in accordance with the invention shown in FIG. 13; and

FIG. 15 is a functional flow diagram of the PUPS detection circuitry inaccordance with the invention shown in FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring now to FIG. 1 there is shown a pictorial illustration of oneembodiment of the Portable Ultrafine Particle Sizer (PUPS) Assembly 102.The PUPS assembly includes Flexible Printed Circuit Board (flex-PCB)104, Sheath Gas Injection Module 106, rDMA housing 108, aluminum end cap110, fasteners 144, and push-on hose fittings 142. It will be understoodthroughout that fittings 142 may be any suitable push-on hose fitting orany other suitable hose connector. Likewise plugs 144 may be anysuitable mechanical plug. The sheath gas injection module 106 providesconcentric alignment of the corona ionizer (See FIG. 7-702 ), sheath gasflow straightener (See FIG. 2-212), repulsion electrode (See FIG.2-214), and rDMA housing 108. The sheath gas injection module 106 alsoserves the dual purpose of creating a constant gas pressure across thesurface of the sheath gas flow straightener (See FIG. 2-212). The rDMAhousing 108 is generally comprised of polypropylene material; however,it will be understood that the rDMA housing 108 could be anystructurally and chemically stable non-conductive material. The rDMAhousing 108 is designed to provide precise alignment of the flex-PCB(See FIG. 14-1402) along the length and radius of the rDMA housing 108,and provide the sealed pneumatic environment.

The PUPS 102 is a composite of aluminum, PTFE TEFLON, polypropylene andtungsten. However, it will be understood that any suitable metal ormaterial having characteristics similar to, or exceeding, one or morematerial characteristics associated with aluminum, PTFE TEFLON,polypropylene, or tungsten may be used. The PUPS assembly is comprisedof two main parts, a corona ionizer (See FIG. 7-702) and a reversedifferential mobility analyzer (rDMA) 108. In the corona ionizer (SeeFIG. 7-702) a negative high voltage potential is applied from a tungstenneedle (See FIG. 8-824) to a concentric ground ring electrode (See FIG.8-822). Electrons are generated in the localized atmospheric breakdownaround the tungsten needle (See FIG. 8-824). These electrons driftoutward and become attached to the aerosol particles passing through thecorona ionizer (See FIG. 7-702), thus creating negatively chargedaerosol particles.

In the rDMA 108 a negative high voltage potential is applied from acentral repulsion electrode (See FIG. 2-214) to a concentric groundcylinder. Particles entering the rDMA 108 are repelled away from thiscentral rod 214 by electrostatic force toward a series of ringelectrodes. The PUPS 102 is designed to separate particles based onaerosol diameters between approximately 10 nm and 200 nm. Smallerparticles are repelled more readily than particles that are largercomparatively and impact the ring electrode upstream, respectively (SeeFIG. 13-1340).

The end cap 110 provides alignment of the repulsion electrode (214) andthe exhaust gas flow straightener (See FIG. 2-216). The conical internalsurface of the end cap 110 promotes constant gas pressure across theface of the exhaust gas flow straightener (See FIG. 2-216).

Referring also to FIG. 2 there is shown a transparent illustration 202of the PUPS invention shown in FIG. 1. Included in this illustrationis—Flexible Printed Circuit Board (flex-PCB) 204—See Item 1402, SheathGas Injection Module 206 (See also FIG. 1-106, rDMA housing 208 (Seealso FIG. 1-108), End Cap 210 (See also FIG. 1-110), and ElectricalGrade PTFE TEFLON Sheath Gas Flow straightener 212. The sheath gas flowstraightener 212, with an array of holes, induces fluid flows inparallel layers. The sheath gas flow straightener 212 is designed topromote laminar flow of sheath gas as it enters the rDMA 208. It will befurther understood throughout that fittings 242 may be any suitablepush-on hose fitting or any other suitable hose connector. Likewiseplugs 244 may be any suitable mechanical plug.

Still referring to FIG. 2, there is shown aluminum repulsion electrode214. The repulsion electrode 214 is a cylindrical rod of suitablyconductive material with known dimensions. A negative high voltage isapplied to the electrode 214 thus inducing a repulsive electrostaticforce on the negatively charged aerosol particles. Also shown isElectrical Grade PTFE TEFLON Exhaust Gas Flow Straightener 216. Theexhaust gas flow straightener is a round disk with an array of holesthrough it. It is designed to promote constant flow of gas throughradial cross section of the rDMA 208. Still referring to FIG. 2, thereis shown the Glass Filled Polyetheretherketone Aerosol InjectionManifold 214A. The aerosol injection manifold 214A serves the dualpurpose of centering the repulsion electrode 214 in the exit of thecorona ionizer (See FIG. 7-702) and it promotes tracking of the aerosolstreamlines along the surface of the repulsion electrode 214 while noelectrostatic forces are applied.

Referring also to FIG. 3, there is shown a cross sectional view of thecomplete PUPS Assembly 302. FIG. 3 illustrates the spatial relationshipof flexible printed circuit board 304, sheath gas injection module 306(See FIG. 1-106), rDMA housing 308 (See FIG. 1-108), End Cap 310 (SeeFIG. 1-110), Sheath Gas Flow Straightener 312 (See FIG. 2-212),Repulsion Electrode 314 (See FIG. 2-214), Exhaust Gas Flow Straightener316 (See FIG. 2-216), and Corona Ionizer Housing 318 (See FIG. 7-726).It will be understood throughout that fittings 342 may be any suitablepush-on hose fitting or any other suitable hose connector. Likewiseplugs 344 may be any suitable mechanical plug.

Referring also to FIG. 4, there is shown a zoomed partial cross section402 of the PUPS Assembly 102. FIG. 4 illustrates the spatialrelationship of Sheath Gas Injection Module 406 (See FIG. 1-106), SheathGas Flow Straightener 412 (See FIG. 2-212), and Corona Ionizer Housing418 (See FIG. 7-726). It will be understood throughout that fittings 442may be any suitable push-on hose fitting or any other suitable hoseconnector. Likewise plugs 444 may be any suitable mechanical plug.

Referring also to FIG. 5, there is shown a Cross Sectional View 502 ofCorona Ionizer (See FIG. 7-702) and Sheath Air Injection Module 506 (SeeFIG. 1-106). FIG. 5 further illustrates the spatial relationship of theSheath Gas Injection Module 506 (See FIG. 1-106), the Sheath Gas FlowStraightener 512 (See FIG. 2-212), and the Corona Ionizer Housing 518(See FIG. 7-726). It will be understood throughout that fittings 542 maybe any suitable push-on hose fitting or any other suitable hoseconnector. Likewise plugs 544 may be any suitable mechanical plug.

Referring also to FIG. 6, there is shown a Rotated View 602 of CoronaIonizer 502 (See FIG. 7-702) and Sheath Air Injection Module 606 (SeeFIG. 1-106). FIG. 6 further illustrates the spatial relationship of theSheath Gas Injection Module 606 (See also FIG. 1-106), Sheath Gas FlowStraightener 612 (See also FIG. 2-212), and Corona Ionizer Housing 618(See also FIG. 7-726). It will be understood throughout that fittings642 may be any suitable push-on hose fitting or any other suitable hoseconnector. Likewise plugs 644 may be any suitable mechanical plug.

Referring also to FIG. 7 there is shown a pictorial illustration of theCorona Ionizer module 702. The Corona Ionizer 702 is a composite of PTFETEFLON, brass, copper buss wire, aluminum, and tungsten. Aerosol passingthrough the corona ionizer 702 passes through a cloud of free electronsinduced by a localized breakdown in the atmosphere surrounding atungsten corona needle (See FIG. 8-824). A flow of negatively chargedaerosol particles exit the corona ionizer 702.

Also shown in FIG. 7 are Plated Copper Electrical Buss Wires 720. Thesewires make electrical contact between the electrodes of the coronaionizer 702 and the external screw connectors. FIG. 7 also showsStainless Steel Ground Set Screw and Brass Fitting 722, this brassinsert and set screw 722 hold the ground ring electrode (See FIG. 8-822)in place and creates the electrical connection; High Voltage Set Screwand Brass Fitting 724, this brass insert and set screw hold theconductive corona needle support (See FIG. 8-828) in place and createsthe electrical connection; and PTFE TEFLON Corona Ionizer Housing 726,this housing provides a chemically resistant, sealed environment whichprovides electrical isolation for the negative high voltage potentialspresent.

Referring also to FIG. 8 there is shown a cross sectional view of theCorona Ionizer 802 (See also FIG. 7-702). Included in this view isElectrical Buss Wire 820 (See also FIG. 7-720) and TUNGSTEN coronaneedle 824. Also shown in FIG. 8 is Aluminum Ground Ring Electrode 822.This ring electrode is concentrically placed around the corona needle824 and serves as a ground reference for the corona needle 824. The tipgeometry of the needle 824 in reference to the ground ring electrode 822creates an inhomogeneous electric field due to the negative high voltagepotential difference applied. This produces a breakdown of theatmosphere localized around the tip of the needle 824. The PUPS unit 102uses commercially available 7B TUNGSTEN probes from Micromanipulator toreduce fabrication cost. FIG. 8. also illustrates the spatialrelationship of Corona Ionizer Housing 826 (See also FIG. 7-726) andAluminum Corona Needle Support 828. This tri-spoke support 828 holds thecorona needle in place and creates and electrical connection to the highvoltage set screw and brass fitting (See also FIG. 7-724).

Referring also to FIG. 9, there is shown a pictorial illustration of theCorona Needle Support 902 (Conductive & Non-Conductive; See FIG. 8-828 &FIG. 10-1032, respectively). Machined channels 938 provide the pathwaysthrough the structure of the corona needle support 936 for the aerosolto flow into the charging region of the corona ionizer (See FIG. 7-702).These channels 938 align with the channels of the mating corona needlesupport 902 due to an alignment key on the side of the unit 902.

Referring also to FIG. 10, there is shown a pictorial illustration ofthe PTFE Teflon, Aluminum, and Tungsten Corona Ionizer Internal Assembly1002. FIG. 10 further illustrates the spatial relationship of theConductive Corona Needle Support 1028 (See also FIG. 8-828), the CoronaNeedle 1030 (See also FIG. 8-824), and the Electrical Grade PTFE TeflonNon-Conductive Corona Needle Support 1032. The Non-Conductive CoronaNeedle Support 1032 holds the corona needle (FIG. 8-824) in place anddirects the aerosol flow around the localized atmospheric breakdownregion occurring at the tip of the corona needle 1030. The support 1032serves as an insulator between the conductive corona needle support(FIG. 8-828) and the ground ring electrode (FIG. 8-822). Also, shown isGround Ring Electrode 1036 (See also FIG. 8-822 and Machined Channel1038 (See also FIG. 9-938).

Referring also to FIG. 11, there is shown a pictorial illustration of across section of the Corona Ionizer Internal Assembly 1102. Also shownin FIG. 11 are Conductive Corona Needle Support 1128 (See also FIG.8-828) and Ground Ring Electrode 1122 (See also FIG. 8-822).

Referring also to FIG. 12, there is shown a rotated illustrated view ofthe Corona Ionizer 1202 (See also FIG. 7-702). Corona Ionizer Housing1226 (See also FIG. 7-726); Corona Needle 1230 See also FIG. 8-824;Non-Conductive Corona Needle Support 1232 (See also FIG. 10-1032); andGround Ring Electrode 1234 (See also FIG. 8-822).

Referring also to FIG. 13, there is shown a cross sectional illustrationof flex-PCB inside rDMA housing 1302. The flex-PCB (See also FIG.14-1402) is comprised of three sets of eight pads that form ringelectrodes 1340 when installed in the rDMA housing 1302. Each of theGold Plated Copper Flex-PCB Fabricated Ring Electrodes 1340 serves as acollector on which charged aerosol particles impact. Charge transferredfrom these charged particles induces a current which is directed to thedetection circuitry shown in FIG. 15.

Referring also to FIG. 14, there is shown an illustrated layout of theflexible Gold plated Copper on Flexible Substrate Printed Circuit Board1402. The flex-PCB 1402 comprises a series of electrodes for chargedetection. The flex-PCB 1402 wraps around the inside of the reverseDifferential Mobility Analyzer housing (rDMA) (See FIG. 2-208) while thesmaller traces create a current path to the detection circuitry (SeeFIG. 15). It will be appreciated that the width and location of eachelectrode 1402A-1402H can be designed to select specific bands ofparticle sizes of interest. It will be further appreciated that flexiblePCB electrodes 1402A-1402H with integrated electrometers allow for quickremoval and cleaning, as well as inexpensive replacement. In addition,PCB electrodes 1402A-1402H minimize electrical noise in the measurementsdue to lowered capacitive effects of fixed electrodes 1402A-1402H. PCBelectrodes 1402A-1402H incorporate inherent bi-polar junctiontransistors directly on the detection electrodes 1402A-1402H, allowingamplification at the charged particle impaction site 1402A-1402H. Theuse of printed or thin-film transistors as detection electrodes, asdescribed herein, minimize electrical losses due to resistive materialsand also eliminate electrical noise due to the dipole nature oftransmission traces. The inherent nature of the PCB electrodes1402A-1402H transistor provide current amplification at the source ofcharge transfer, therefore improving overall signal quality.

Referring also to FIG. 15, there is shown a functional flow diagram 1502of the PUPS detection circuitry.

Particle Size Selecting Components—This portion of the system isdedicated to discriminating particle size based on electrical mobility.Sample particles are charged in the corona ionizer 1510 and are thenincident to electric field induced by high potential which affects theflight path of the particle in the rDMA 1508. The through-deviceparticle velocity is determined by the pump 1504 and proportional valve1512 creating a closed-loop control system with the flow meter 1506.

Voltage Controllers—The first voltage controller 1518 provides therequisite potential for breakdown in the corona ionizer 1510. The secondvoltage controller 1516 provides the high potential needed to alter thecourse of the charged particles to impact on the electrode walls.

Detection Circuitry—The detection circuitry contains the flexibleprinted circuit board (flex-PCB) electrodes 1514 which the chargedparticles impact and transfer their charge to as well as the low-currentmeasurement circuitry 1514, 1520 (see legend 1530). It will beappreciated that any suitable low-current measurement circuitry may beused. The signal produced (which has been converted to a digital signalby converter 1520) contains information which can be processed todetermine the time-resolved particle concentrations impacting theelectrodes.

Data Acquisition and Flow Control—The Data Acquisition section 1526houses both digital and analog circuitry to monitor system components aswell as control the high voltage sources. The Flow Control section 1522controls the pump and flow rates of the instrument.

Peripheral Devices—The peripheral devices associated with the instrumentare optional to the primary objective of the device. In the figure, aGlobal Positioning System Receiver 1528 is shown allowing particlemeasurements to occur both in a temporal and spatial system.

Still referring to FIG. 15, computer/microcontroller 1524 may be anysuitable computer/microcontroller. For example, computer/microcontroller1524 may be a “mote”. As used in this disclosure, the term “mote device”or “mote” typically indicates an autonomous or semi-autonomouscomputing, communication, actuating, and/or sensing device as describedin the mote literature (e.g., Intel Corporation's, or Crossbow Inc.'smote literature).

Certain embodiments of the mote device(s) 1524 can be fabricated to berelatively small (typically less than several inches in dimension, oftena fraction of an inch). Certain embodiments of mote systems(s) (e.g.,controller 1524 and data acquisition 1526, GPS receiver 1528) can alsobe relatively inexpensive to produce, and can be designed to stand up torelatively harsh and/or external environments.

Many embodiments of mote systems(s) 1524, or simply “motes”, asdescribed in this disclosure can provide a wide variety of parametersensing and/or actuating functionalities. Such parameter sensing may becontrolled (and/or light or display device actuated) usingcomputer-based sensing, electro-mechanical sensing, magnetic sensing,and/or other sensing techniques. Certain embodiments of mote device(s)and networks can be located at remote, hostile, external, orinaccessible location(s); and can be wirelessly networked.

Mote 1524 can be programmed with control algorithms for auxiliarycircuitry managing activation of sources and sensors, to ensure thatenergy is expended in an efficient manner, and to dynamically adaptdeployments to environmental conditions.

Still referring to FIG. 15 there is shown a programmable mote device1524, equipped with auxiliary processor 1524A, RAM 1524B and Flashmemory 1524C. Optionally, mote 1524 can be augmented with externalmemory 1524D. Motes also have a communication device 1524E capable ofapproximately 100 meter communication range, and can support a varietyof data retrieval techniques.

It will be appreciated that the invention advantageously incorporatesmotes 1524 to eliminate the wiring burdens and heavy enclosures oftenrequired of traditional data logging mechanisms, and significantlyreduces power requirements. The mote system (FIG. 15, item 1524)establishes a standard protocol connection, for example, but not limitedto, a TCP/IP connection with another mote system. This standard protocolallows an easy interface to data storage and visualization applications.Furthermore, this TCP/IP connection serves as an actuation channel, forcontrolling the deployment remotely, for example to modify samplingrates for power management.

It will be appreciated that the invention overcomes prior artlimitations with novel features such as: Particle Ionization Particlesionized in the PUPS receive a negative charge via a low cost unipolarcorona ionizer. Defining features of the PUPS corona ionizer

-   -   A pin-to-cylinder configuration is used giving the device        rotational symmetry.    -   A negative kilovolt DC potential sets up a static electric field        from pin to cylinder.    -   Low cost tungsten microprobes (normally used for semiconductor        test applications) form the corona pin. The microprobes have        very small tip geometry and tungsten is resistant to corrosion.    -   A composite manifold made from virgin electrical grade TEFLON        polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and 6061 aluminum alloy serves        the dual purpose of making electrical contact and channeling the        aerosol around the corona avalanche head to reduce particle        fragmentation.    -   The body of the corona ionizer is constructed from PTFE due to        its electrical and chemical resistance.

Similarly, the advantageous features of the invention's Flexible PCBDetectors also overcome limitations in the prior an. The FlexiblePrinted Circuit Board (flexPCB) detectors are used for particledetection and allow a circuit to bend to fit geometries which normalprinted circuit boards cannot. There are at least four major benefits tousing flexPCBs as described in this invention description:

-   -   The flexPCB can easily be removed for cleaning, whereas        fixed-ring designs require difficult cleaning procedures which        do not ensure complete cleanliness.    -   Disposable electrodes can be built due to the relative low cost        of the flexPCB.    -   The flexPCB can be removed from the DMA allowing chemical        samples to be taken based on specific size-bands of particles        contacting the electrodes.    -   The flexPCB makes it possible to place the electrometer circuit        on the electrode itself, thus minimizing signal losses.

It should be understood that the foregoing description is onlyillustrative of the invention. For example, the PUPS may use a positivecorona ionizer for applying a positive charge via a positive highvoltage potential to the aerosol particles with suitable modificationsto the PUPS rDMA and detection circuitry. Thus, various alternatives andmodifications can be devised by those skilled in the art withoutdeparting from the invention. For example, the portability of theinvention stemming from the light weight and small size of the presentinvention (approximately 432 cu. in. and approximately 8 lbs,respectively) may be modified slightly. Accordingly, the presentinvention is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modificationsand variances that fall within the scope of the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A portable apparatus for measuring aerosolparticle concentration and particle size distribution, the apparatuscomprising: a corona ionizer for applying, a negative charge via anegative kilovolt DC potential to the aerosol particles, wherein thecorona ionizer comprises: at least one tungsten needle; a concentricground ring electrode; a reverse differential mobility analyzer (rDMA)for separating and quantifying aerosol particles based on electricalmobility, wherein the rDMA comprises: at least one central repulsionelectrode; at least one ground ring electrode; and at least onedetection circuit controller.
 2. The apparatus as in claim furthercomprising: at least one sheath gas injection module providingconcentric alignment of the corona ionizer, and at least one sheath gasstraightener, wherein the sheath gas injection module comprises: atleast one sheath gas injection port for injecting sheath gas; at leastone sample gas injection port for injecting an aerosol gas sample to beanalyzed; the at least one sheath gas flow straightener promotes laminarflow of the sheath gas; and at least one aerosol injection manifold forcentering the at least one central repulsion electrode and promotingtracking of the aerosol gas sample along a surface the at least onecentral repulsion electrode.
 3. The apparatus as in claim 2 wherein thecorona ionizer further comprises: at least one conductive needle supportwherein the at least one conductive needle support comprises machinedflow pathways for the aerosol gas sample; and at least onenon-conductive needle support for supporting the at least one tungstenneedle and electrically insulating the at least one conductive needlesupport from the at least one ground ring electrode, wherein the atleast one non-conductive needle support comprises machined flow pathwaysfor the aerosol gas sample.
 4. The apparatus as in claim 1 furthercomprising at least one exhaust gas flow straightener for promoting aconstant flow of gas through a radial cross section of the rDMA.
 5. Theapparatus as in claim 1 wherein the rDMA further comprises: at least oneflexible printed circuit board (PCB) for detecting charged particleinduced current; and at least one converter for converting the detectedcharged particle induced current to a digital signal.
 6. The apparatusas in claim 5, wherein the at least one flexible PCB further comprises;a plurality of first flexible PCBs; and a plurality of second flexiblePCBs.
 7. The apparatus as in claim 1 further comprising a dataacquisition controller for monitoring and controlling the portableapparatus.
 8. The apparatus as in claim 1 further comprising a flowcontroller for controlling sheath gas flow rate and aerosol gas samplerate.